Switching from DSLR to Mirrorless: Is This the Right Move for Your Underwater Photography?

The world of underwater photography is constantly evolving, and one of the most significant shifts in recent years has been the transition from DSLR (Digital Single-Lens Reflex) cameras to mirrorless systems. For underwater photographers, this change represents both an opportunity to embrace new technology and a challenge in adapting to different shooting techniques and equipment. This article delves into the key aspects of making the switch from DSLR to mirrorless cameras for underwater photography, including the advantages, potential drawbacks, and practical tips for a seamless transition.

I had been shooting with high-end DSLRs for a long time, mainly using the Canon 5D series. A few years ago, I tried a Nikon Z7 underwater for the first time. While there were many things I liked about it, it still didn’t feel like the complete package. I appreciated the instant review from the viewfinder, but beyond that, I wasn’t overly impressed. Then, last year, I did a dive with Alex Mustard, who had the new Sony A1 with him. I borrowed it underwater and immediately felt like I was shooting the future. It finally felt like the right time to switch systems, as the Sony A1 felt so fresh and up-to-date. I ended up choosing the Sony A7RV instead, as it offered some savings over the A1 and provided the high resolution I wanted. A year later, I’m very happy with my decision. In this article, I’ll share some of the things I’ve learned along the way and how they influenced my choices.

Differences and Benefits of Mirrorless vs. DSLR

To fully appreciate the shift from DSLRs to mirrorless cameras, it’s important to understand their fundamental differences. The most notable distinction lies in the construction: DSLRs use a mirror mechanism to reflect light into an optical viewfinder, whereas mirrorless cameras eliminate the mirror, directing light straight to the image sensor and displaying the image on an electronic viewfinder (EVF) or the rear screen.

The EVF is the game changer for me. With an EVF, you can change settings on the camera and instantly see the effects in a "what you see is what you get" format. This is excellent for controlling ambient light and adjusting blues, for example. You can see exactly how changes to settings like ISO, aperture, or shutter speed will affect your image before pressing the shutter, leading to more accurate and consistent results.

When shooting black background macro and blocking out ambient light, you can turn off the EVF to have more of an optical experience. Regardless of the method, you still get an instant replay of the photo through the viewfinder, rather than on the LCD screen. This is truly transformational in the shooting experience, as you no longer need to lower your camera to review your shot, allowing you to adjust all settings through the viewfinder and see the impact immediately.

This structural difference of removing the mirror results in several key advantages for mirrorless cameras. Mirrorless systems are typically more compact and lighter—although this advantage diminishes once the system is housed underwater with all accessories in place, where you’ll see little savings in weight or space for packing.

The absence of a mirror also means fewer mechanical parts, reducing the risk of failure or wear over time—a significant consideration for those who shoot in challenging underwater environments.

Another critical difference is in autofocus performance. Mirrorless cameras use a combination of contrast detection and phase detection directly on the image sensor, often resulting in faster and more accurate focusing, particularly in low-light conditions. This can be a game-changer for capturing sharp, well-exposed images of fast-moving marine life. However, while the autofocus improvements are excellent, they might be more relevant to land photographers than underwater shooters. Underwater, we’re generally using wide lenses where autofocus is already quick, or shooting slow-moving macro subjects, which are relatively easy to focus on.

Focus peaking, though, is fantastic for macro shooting, especially when using water contact diopters with a very narrow depth of field, or when using back-button focus and rocking the camera into focus. The tracking features are also excellent, allowing you to focus on an eye, recompose the image, and maintain the focus point.

Another advantage of mirrorless cameras is silent operation. Since they lack the mechanical mirror slap of a DSLR, they can operate in complete silence. This is particularly useful when photographing timid marine life that might be startled by the noise of a traditional camera, allowing you to capture more natural and undisturbed behavior. Silent shooting mode is also great for ambient light shooting, such as with large animals, where you need to work quickly. Combined with the control offered by the EVF, it creates an exceptional experience for capturing big marine life.

Challenges and Considerations When Switching to Mirrorless

Despite the many advantages of mirrorless cameras, there are some challenges and considerations to keep in mind when making the transition, particularly for underwater photography.

Battery Life: One of the most commonly mentioned drawbacks of mirrorless systems is their shorter battery life compared to DSLRs. The constant use of the electronic viewfinder (EVF) and rear screen can drain batteries more quickly, which is a critical concern during extended underwater shoots. To mitigate this, it’s essential to carry extra batteries. Previously, I could use the same DSLR battery for an entire day, but now I always switch batteries after a maximum of two dives.

Lens and Housing Compatibility: If you’ve built a collection of lenses for your DSLR, you’ll need to consider compatibility when transitioning to a mirrorless system. Many manufacturers offer lens adapters that allow you to use your existing DSLR lenses with a mirrorless camera, but you may need to add a port extension to accommodate the setup. For example, with my camera, I use a port extension on a 35mm lens that goes from the new smaller 100mm opening to the old 120mm port size, allowing me to continue using my old ports. Though it sounds complex, it's actually quite simple, and I use the same extension for all my ports.

Native Lenses: Before rushing to buy new lenses, remember that you don’t have to if you’re willing to use your old ones with a converter. However, the big three camera manufacturers are offering fantastic new glass, especially in the macro world. I highly recommend the new full-frame macro lenses—such as the Nikon 105mm, Canon 100mm, and Sony 90mm—each of which is a significant step up from their DSLR predecessors.

For fisheye lenses, no manufacturer is currently making a native mirrorless lens that’s ideal for underwater use. However, the Nikon 8-15mm works great on Nikon Z series cameras, and the Canon 8-15mm performs well on both Sony and Canon cameras. For new wide-angle water contact optics like the WACP and FCP, both Nikon and Sony offer excellent options. I've also converted a Nikonos 13mm fisheye for use on my Sony, which allows autofocus and a full range of F-stops, a notable improvement for the Nikonos lens.

When using the Nauticam EMWL, the Sony 90mm macro lens seems to be the best choice. Many people have reported focus issues with both the Canon and Nikon lenses, so that should be a consideration if you’re looking to use the EMWL to its full potential.

If you have a collection of Nikon glass, it’s probably best to stick with a Nikon Z series camera. If you have Canon glass, they work fantastically well with Sony using the Metabones or Sigma adapters, and they also perform great with Canon cameras using an RF converter. I chose a Sony camera despite having Canon glass because I believe Sony’s mirrorless cameras are significantly more advanced. However, Nikon has made great strides with the new Z8, a strong performer underwater and a compelling reason for Nikon shooters to upgrade.

Learning Curve: While the fundamentals of photography remain the same, transitioning to a mirrorless system can involve a learning curve, particularly when it comes to navigating new menus, understanding the nuances of the EVF, and adapting to different ergonomics. Practice is key to becoming comfortable with the new system before taking it on an important dive.

Heat Management: Mirrorless cameras, especially when shooting in 4K or higher video resolutions, can generate more heat than DSLRs. This issue can be exacerbated by the sealed environment of an underwater housing. While most modern mirrorless cameras have improved heat dissipation, it’s something to be aware of during longer shoots or in warmer water conditions.

Image Quality and ISO Performance: If you’re an existing user of a high-end DSLR like the Nikon D850, don’t expect a significant improvement in image quality or ISO performance. While I appreciate the additional resolution on my 61MP Sony for cropping purposes, the image quality is excellent but comparable to what you’d get with a D850. The real benefits of these new cameras lie in their technology and overall shooting experience, rather than a dramatic change in image quality.

Practical Tips for Transitioning to Mirrorless Cameras Underwater

Start with Familiarization: Before taking your new mirrorless camera underwater, spend some time getting acquainted with its features and settings on land. Practice using the electronic viewfinder, experiment with different autofocus modes, and learn how to quickly adjust key settings. Understanding your camera's capabilities and limitations will help you make more informed decisions when you're underwater.

Test in Controlled Environments: Begin by testing your mirrorless camera in controlled settings, such as a pool or shallow water. This allows you to fine-tune your buoyancy, get accustomed to the housing controls, and evaluate the autofocus performance in water. It's also a great opportunity to experiment with various lighting setups and observe how the electronic viewfinder handles the unique lighting conditions underwater.

Optimize Your Workflow: Battery management is especially critical with mirrorless cameras. Consider investing in high-capacity batteries and carrying multiple spares on each dive. Additionally, familiarize yourself with the camera's power-saving features, such as sleep modes or disabling image stabilization when it's not needed.

Leverage Advanced Features: Make the most of the advanced features that mirrorless cameras offer, such as focus peaking, exposure zebras, and customizable function buttons. These tools can help you achieve precise focus, accurate exposure, and quicker adjustments, which are invaluable when working in the dynamic and unpredictable underwater environment.

Conclusion

Transitioning from a DSLR to a mirrorless camera for underwater photography is a significant step that can offer numerous benefits, including improved autofocus, and enhanced creative control through an electronic viewfinder along with higher resolution images. However, it also comes with challenges, such as shorter battery life and the need for new lenses and a new housing. By understanding the key differences, anticipating potential issues, and taking the time to familiarize yourself with the new system, you can make the most of what mirrorless technology has to offer and have an overall better shooting experience.

Also, remember that for most of us, this is a hobby. Investing in a new camera system can be the motivation you need to reignite your passion and get back into the water. It’s a great way to inspire yourself to do more shooting and enjoy your time underwater even more.